不同风险评估模型在硬质合金粉尘作业管理中的应用比较

Comparison of two risk assessment models applied in operation management on carbide dusts

关键词: 风险评估  硬质合金  粉尘

Keywords: risk assessment  carbide  dust

摘 要: 目的 比较不同风险评估模型评估某硬质合金生产企业粉尘暴露工种的职业健康风险水平，为职业健康风险控制和管理提供参考依据。方法 以株洲市某硬质合金生产企业为研究对象，于2015年进行职业卫生现场调查，采集主要暴露岗位粉尘并检测总尘、呼尘和钨、钴的浓度，利用新加坡半定量风险评估法、职业危害风险评估指数法，对硬质合金粉尘职业健康风险进行评估，并进行工作场所职业病危害作业分级。结果 新加坡半定量风险评估法和职业危害风险评估指数法对8个硬质合金粉尘接触岗位的职业健康风险评估结果基本一致。以硬质合金粉尘总尘或钨浓度评估，各接尘岗位均为低风险或轻度风险。以钴浓度评估，混料和过筛岗位的职业危害为高风险或极高危害风险，球磨干燥和深加工岗位为中等风险，压制、烧结、喷砂和成检包装岗位为低风险或轻度危害风险。按粉尘总尘浓度进行职业病危害作业分级，硬金属粉尘接触岗位均为相对无害作业，按钴浓度进行有毒化学物的职业病危害作业分级，混料岗位为重度危害，过筛为中度危害，其他岗位为相对无害。结论 新加坡半定量风险评估法、职业危害风险指数模型和工作场所职业病危害作业分级用于硬质合金粉尘的职业健康风险评估时，应使用钴浓度指标；硬金属粉尘作业应加强对混料、过筛、球磨干燥和深加工等重点岗位的危害控制和管理。

Abstract: Objective To evaluate occupational health risk levels of dust exposed workers in a certain carbide production enterprise with two risk assessment models，thereby provide a scientific basis for the control and management of occupational health risk. Methods A carbide production enterprise in zhuzhou city was chosen as research object，the field survey about occupational health was conducted in 2015，the concentrations of total dust， respiratory dust and the contents of tungsten and cobalt in main exposure positions were tested. Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model and occupational hazards risk assessment index method were used to assess the occupational health risk of carbide dust，meanwhile，the classification of the occupational hazards levels at workplaces was made as well. Results The results showed that Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment method and the occupational hazards risk assessment index method presented consistent assessment results on eight main carbide dust exposed positions. According to total carbide dusts concentrations and tungsten element contents the risks were all at low or mild level，according cobalt element contents the mixing and sieving positions were at high or extremely high risk level，the ball mill drying and further processing，pressing，sintering，sandblasting and packaging positions were at low or mild risk level，while the other dust exposure positions were at relatively harmless level. Conclusion The results suggested that the “occupational hazards risk assessment index method”，“Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model” and “classification of occupational hazards at workplaces” may use for the evaluation of occupational health risks of carbide dusts，but the indicator should be cobalt concentration in workplace air；and the hard metal dusts exposed operation should strengthen the occupational hazards management and control especially some key posts such as mixing，sieving，ball mill drying and further processing etc.